Which statement describes the nature-nurture relationship in development?

• A. Development is determined solely by genetics
• B. Development is shaped only by parenting style
• C. Development is influenced by both biology and environment
• D. Development is random and unpredictable

Answer: (C)

Nature and nurture are interwoven factors in human development, not separate or exclusive influences. Biology provides the genetic makeup, brain development, and biological processes that shape potential, while the environment offers experiences, learning opportunities, culture, and social context that help shape how that potential is expressed. Development arises from the ongoing interaction between these elements over time, not from genetics alone or from parenting style alone. For example, a person might have a genetic predisposition for strong language abilities, but access to rich language input and education helps that potential become actual skills; conversely, adverse environments can impede development even when genetics are favorable. Epigenetics further shows how experiences can influence how genes are expressed. In short, development is best described as influenced by both biology and environment.