Which statement best describes the second stage Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt?

• A. Children focus on forming peer groups
• B. Children gain independence and self-reliance
• C. Children develop a sense of identity
• D. Children learn to regulate emotions

Answer: (B)

This stage centers on autonomy and self-reliance. As toddlers begin doing more for themselves—feeding, dressing, and making simple decisions—they test their own abilities. When caregivers support this growing independence, the child develops a sense of autonomy: they feel capable and confident in handling tasks. If efforts are overly restricted or punished, the child can become ashamed of trying and doubt their own abilities.

The other ideas fit different developmental focuses. Forming peer groups relates more to social interactions with others beyond independent task completion, a concern of later stages. Developing a sense of identity aligns with adolescence. Regulating emotions is important for overall development but isn’t the defining outcome of this stage.